For girls, the menstrual cycle is an inevitable stage of growth. But the age at which their first period, known as menarche, occurs, can provide important signals about their future health.
According to Dr. Anne-Marie Amies Oelschlager, a gynecologist at the University of Washington School of Medicine, the start of menstruation “anytime between the ages of 10 and 14 is considered normal.”
However, girls who experience menarche early, even within the normal range, may have some long-term health consequences.
What determines the age of the first period?
In most cases, the age of the first cycle is related to genetic factors.
"Girls often start their periods around the same age as their mothers. If their mother or older sister had them early, it's likely that the girl will experience them earlier as well," explains Dr. Adi Davidov, of Staten Island University Hospital.
Environmental factors may also play a role, but their role is not entirely clear.
Cancer risk
Studies show that menarche at a very early age (11 years or younger) is associated with a higher risk of some cancers, especially hormone-sensitive ones, such as breast and endometrial cancer.
One of the main theories is related to longer exposure to female hormones. The earlier the cycle begins, the longer the body is exposed to high levels of estrogen and progesterone, hormones that may play a role in the development of some types of cancer.
However, the exact cause remains unclear. Researchers are also examining the impact of endocrine disruptors, natural or synthetic chemicals that can affect the hormonal system and the development of breast tissue.
Insulin resistance and metabolic disorders
Early puberty has also been linked to a higher risk of insulin resistance, a condition where the body does not respond properly to this hormone, increasing blood sugar levels and the risk of type 2 diabetes.
However, the relationship between early menarche and metabolic problems is complex. Body mass index (BMI) may play an important role, as adipose tissue produces estrogen and can influence both early menstrual onset and insulin resistance.
Some girls show signs of early puberty, such as pubic hair growth or changes in body odor, linked to adrenal gland activity. These changes, experts say, may be associated with an increased risk of diabetes at a young age.
Heart health
The link between first period and cardiovascular health is still being studied. Some research suggests that very early onset (before age 11) may be linked to higher blood pressure later in life. Other research suggests that both very early and late onset may be associated with a higher risk of heart disease.
However, experts emphasize that it is difficult to determine a direct link, as many other factors come into play: body weight, lifestyle, smoking, alcohol, stress or lack of physical activity.
What can be done?
While research continues, doctors recommend a healthy lifestyle, especially for girls who start their periods early. A balanced diet and regular physical activity can help reduce the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular problems in the future.
Ultimately, the age of first menstruation is not a cause for alarm, but another element that helps to better understand long-term health. Regular monitoring and lifestyle care remain the most important factors for a healthy future.
